Gurgaon, this suburb south of New Delhi, India is where the fruits of India’s economic advance are on full display: sprawling malls, skyscrapers housing India’s acclaimed software companies, condominiums with names as fanciful as Nirvana Country.
But this fashionable address of the new India is also a portrait of ambition bumping up against reality, namely an electricity crisis that represents one of the major hurdles to India’s ability to hoist itself into the front ranks of the global economy.Look up at the tops of buildings, and on any given day, you are likely to find three, four or six smokestacks poking out of each, blowing gray-black plumes into the clouds. If the smokestacks are being used, it means the power is off and the building — whether bright new mall, condominium or office — is probably being powered by diesel-fed generators.
This being India, a country of more than one billion people, the scale is staggering. In just one case, Tata Consultancy Services, a technology company, maintains five giant generators, along with a nearly 5,300-gallon tank of diesel fuel underground, as if it were a gasoline station. The reserve fuel can power the lights, computers and air-conditioners for up to 15 days to keep Tata’s six-story building humming during these hot, dry summer months, when temperatures routinely soar above 100 degrees and power cuts can average eight hours a day.
The Gurgaon skyline is studded with hundreds of buildings like this. In Gurgaon alone, the state power authority estimates that the gap between demand and supply hovers around 20 percent, and that is probably a conservative estimate. For all those who suffer from crippling power cuts in cities like this, there are others who have no connection to electricity at all. According to the Planning Commission of India, 600 million people — roughly half the population — are off the electric grid. For this reason, it is impossible to estimate accurately the total national shortfall.
But no matter how it is calculated, there is no doubt that India’s electricity crisis is becoming all the more acute for the roaring pace of the country’s economic growth and the new material aspirations it has generated. Rachna Tandon, a prosperous housewife, is a good example. She moved here to a quiet street of row houses 14 years ago, settling in what was one of the first residential sites built by DLF Universal, Gurgaon’s and India’s largest builder.
Back then, electricity was in short supply, but she was fully confident things would improve. The advertisements at the time described Gurgaon as the best address south of Delhi. It was pitched as a millennium city. Today Ms. Tandon says she prefers to think of it as a medieval city. The day before, the power went out for roughly 11 hours. Her power inverter, which is basically a series of rechargeable batteries — a household necessity here — failed after four hours. For respite, some of her neighbors drove around in their air-conditioned cars. Her own children lingered outside and finally, when they nodded off to sleep, they lay on the living room floor, the coolest spot in the house.
Each appliance in her well-stocked home — an air-conditioner in each room, a flat-screen television, a microwave and an electric stove — speaks to the gap between India’s dreams and its realities. The power cuts thawed the chicken sausage in her freezer and she had to throw it away, just in case it had spoiled. She did not dare use her electric oven, for fear that the power would go out in the middle of baking.
With no television, her 10-year-old son has been so bored that he took out his old cricket bat and ended up putting a ball through the kitchen window. Her daughter, 13, has had to study by flashlight. This summer, Ms. Tandon said, the family will have to choose between buying a generator and going on vacation. “We’re living in the Dark Ages,” she said.
GURGAON, India — This suburb south of New Delhi is where the fruits of India’s economic advance are on full display: sprawling malls, skyscrapers housing India’s acclaimed software companies, condominiums with names as fanciful as Nirvana Country.
The New York Times
But this fashionable address of the new India is also a portrait of ambition bumping up against reality, namely an electricity crisis that represents one of the major hurdles to India’s ability to hoist itself into the front ranks of the global economy.
Look up at the tops of buildings, and on any given day, you are likely to find three, four or six smokestacks poking out of each, blowing gray-black plumes into the clouds. If the smokestacks are being used, it means the power is off and the building — whether bright new mall, condominium or office — is probably being powered by diesel-fed generators.
This being India, a country of more than one billion people, the scale is staggering. In just one case, Tata Consultancy Services, a technology company, maintains five giant generators, along with a nearly 5,300-gallon tank of diesel fuel underground, as if it were a gasoline station.
The reserve fuel can power the lights, computers and air-conditioners for up to 15 days to keep Tata’s six-story building humming during these hot, dry summer months, when temperatures routinely soar above 100 degrees and power cuts can average eight hours a day.
The Gurgaon skyline is studded with hundreds of buildings like this. In Gurgaon alone, the state power authority estimates that the gap between demand and supply hovers around 20 percent, and that is probably a conservative estimate.
For all those who suffer from crippling power cuts in cities like this, there are others who have no connection to electricity at all. According to the Planning Commission of India, 600 million people — roughly half the population — are off the electric grid. For this reason, it is impossible to estimate accurately the total national shortfall.
But no matter how it is calculated, there is no doubt that India’s electricity crisis is becoming all the more acute for the roaring pace of the country’s economic growth and the new material aspirations it has generated.
Rachna Tandon, a prosperous housewife, is a good example. She moved here to a quiet street of row houses 14 years ago, settling in what was one of the first residential sites built by DLF Universal, Gurgaon’s and India’s largest builder.
Back then, electricity was in short supply, but she was fully confident things would improve. The advertisements at the time described Gurgaon as the best address south of Delhi. It was pitched as a millennium city.
Today Ms. Tandon says she prefers to think of it as a medieval city. The day before, the power went out for roughly 11 hours. Her power inverter, which is basically a series of rechargeable batteries — a household necessity here — failed after four hours.
For respite, some of her neighbors drove around in their air-conditioned cars. Her own children lingered outside and finally, when they nodded off to sleep, they lay on the living room floor, the coolest spot in the house.
Each appliance in her well-stocked home — an air-conditioner in each room, a flat-screen television, a microwave and an electric stove — speaks to the gap between India’s dreams and its realities.
The power cuts thawed the chicken sausage in her freezer and she had to throw it away, just in case it had spoiled. She did not dare use her electric oven, for fear that the power would go out in the middle of baking.
With no television, her 10-year-old son has been so bored that he took out his old cricket bat and ended up putting a ball through the kitchen window. Her daughter, 13, has had to study by flashlight. This summer, Ms. Tandon said, the family will have to choose between buying a generator and going on vacation. “We’re living in the Dark Ages,” she said.
For all her middle-class suffering, a reminder of the other India came earlier in the week, when her mother called from her hometown in rural north India and said she had had electricity for just one hour during the day.In part because of these imitations, Indians are, for now, relatively conservative consumers of energy: about 600 units per capita per year, or one-fifteenth that of a typical American. But that will certainly increase as Indian desires reach those of the wealthy Western countries.
A recent report by M/s McKinsey Global Institute frothily predicted a fourfold increase in consumer spending by 2025, vaulting India, as it said, “into the premier league among the world’s consumer markets.” McKinsey forecast that India would surpass Germany as the fifth-largest market in the world. Driven by the increasing need for power, India has stepped up generation in recent years at the pace of about 6 percent a year. It is a pittance compared with what neighboring China adds on each year and in any case insufficient to keep up with India’s galloping demand.
The government has promised electric connections for all — which means access to the grid, not round-the-clock power — by 2009. That is a target that does not seem plausible at current rates of power generation.
The development of power plants, meanwhile, is constrained by a lack of access to land, fuel and water, all of which a power plant needs in large quantities. The power grid remains weak. In Gurgaon, for instance, transformers routinely blow out because of heavy loads. Voltage fluctuations damage electrical appliances of all sorts. What the state cannot provide efficiently, many take for themselves. The World Bank estimates that at least $4 billion in electricity is unaccounted for each year — that is to say, stolen. Transparency International estimated in 2005 that Indians paid $480 million in bribes to put in new connections or correct bills.
The country’s energy needs are one of the government’s main arguments for a nuclear deal with the United States, which would allow India to buy reactors and fuel from the world market. But even if the deal goes through, it would lift nuclear power, which provides 3 percent of India’s energy, to no more than 9 percent, said Leena Srivastava, executive director of the Energy and Resources Institute, a private research group. Similarly, in the coming years, alternative sources of energy, like wind, are expected to double, but to no more than about 8 percent of supply. Coal will continue to dominate power generation, and already more than a third of India’s coal plants do not meet national emissions standards.
For Indian business, coping with chronic power shortages is a part of the cost of business. At Tata, company managers took pains to say that power shortages did not hinder their ability to meet deadlines for their clients. “The work as such does not suffer,” said Gurinder Virk, an assistant general manager. “We have sufficient stocks of diesel at all times.” Behind the building, three generators purred as a sweltering evening descended. A 2004 World Bank survey found that 60 percent of companies in India have such facilities.
Still, construction here surges ahead. With few exceptions, there is little effort to reduce power consumption, beyond the use of low-energy light bulbs. Gurgaon is dotted with buildings that are effectively curtains of glass, soaking up the searing summer heat. “It’s good for New York, not Gurgaon,” was the verdict of Niranjan Khatri, a general manager with ITC, an Indian conglomerate whose office tower here is one of the few to comply with so-called green building codes. Across the highway, the nearly completed Ambi Mall promises almost a mile of shopping on each floor. Next to it, a billboard for the Mall of India promises an even bigger shopping center, one that will put India on the “global retail map.” Never mind that Gurgaon does not have a sewage treatment plant of its own, or that the city’s Metropolitan Mall burns an average of 1,600 gallons of diesel a day to run its generators during power cuts.
Farther south, in Nirvana Country, there are only generators. The 800-unit complex of row houses and apartment blocks, still under construction, is not even connected to the electric grid. It swallows 6,000 gallons of diesel each week to meet its needs — with only a fifth of its units occupied. It was unclear how the power needs would be met once it reached full occupancy, said M. K. Pant, a retired army colonel who is now Nirvana’s estate manager. “There’s nothing in the files,” he said. “There’s nothing in the thinking also.” No matter. Newspaper advertisements for Nirvana Country promise “air-conditioning in all rooms.” May be it doesn't use "electricity" ??
Tuesday, 10 March 2009
Friday, 19 September 2008
Misutilisation of Carbon Credits and CERs in Asia - a Chinese foul play
There’s a global gold rush taking place, with a stampede of investment galloping towards the various forms of carbon trading and offsetting that have been rolled out to supposedly deliver global emissions reductions in the most cost-effective way. Advocates of the booming carbon market say that, in today’s world, it’s green, not greed, that’s good.
In Asia, the biggest involvement in the carbon market has been through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This is a regulated market under the Kyoto Protocol by which countries and companies in the developed world can meet their emissions reduction targets by buying carbon credits that have been generated through projects that bring about reduced or avoided emissions in developing countries. In 2007 this market was worth US$17.5 billion, an enormous 200 per cent increase in market value since 2006. Asia has so far been the global leader in generating CDM credits – in 2007, China alone provided an enormous 62 per cent of the credits on the market, while Indonesia was responsible for 10 per cent and India 5 per cent.
Increasing numbers of critics are challenging the rosy win-win portrait of the CDM market that has been painted. Some commentators in the countries in which the projects are being undertaken, have seen it as creating a new colonial commodity in which the ability to make cheaper reductions in the developing world is being treated as a new resource to be extracted and profitably used for the benefit of Western countries.
Aside from this more politicised perspective of the market, the CDM appears to be failing by the standards it has set itself, with many people asking what happened to the “D” in CDM? The market has been draped in benevolent rhetoric of sustainable development, so that projects are only supposed to qualify for carbon financing if they have some sort of development benefits. In practice, host governments need only rubber stamp their approval to this condition, and genuine developmental benefits on the ground have proven to be elusive to the point of non-existence. An article in the September 2007 academic journal, Climatic Change, stated that, “Close to 200 studies on the CDM have been carried out since its birth in 1997… The main finding... is that, left to market forces, the CDM does not significantly contribute to sustainable development.”
Critics of the CDM have pointed out that, not only do the projects not contribute to development, but, in many cases, the recipients of the money are large, polluting industries that are responsible for all kinds of adverse environmental impacts to the communities who have to endure them. Many thousands of residents of the state of Chhattisgarh, have mobilised against the expansion of Jindal Steel and Power Limited’s notoriously polluting sponge-iron factories. Yet the biggest of these factories in the world, which is currently threatening to wipe out three neighbouring villages in a proposed expansion, is currently earning enormous amounts of money and some degree of environmental credibility for having four separate CDM projects on the go.
CDM money is also being used to support the palm oil biofuel industry in Indonesia, which has recently been the subject of a great deal of global concern over its social and environmental impact. In Indonesia, PT Murini Samsam, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Wilmar Group, received US$8 million in DM funding to expand its crude palm oil refinery.
Leaving aside the issues of sustainable development and the impact on communities, the question that needs to be asked is if the CDM is genuinely providing climatic benefits. One of the thorniest problems with this is “additionality.” The carbon financing through the CDM is supposed to provide emissions reductions above and beyond what would have happened if the money hadn’t been available – i.e in addition to business as usual. If this is not the case and a project that was going to happen anyway is used to justify emissions elsewhere, it can result in a net increase in atmospheric carbon.
Despite the regulatory procedure that is supposed stringently to guarantee that emissions reductions under the CDM are all additional, the market seems to be riddled with examples to the contrary. An adviser to the executive board of the CDM in 2006 conducted an investigation into CDM projects in India and concluded that one third of them were non-additional.
China is home to the lion’s share of hydro-electricity projects registered under the CDM – at the end of 2007, 402 of the 654 hydropower projects in the CDM pipeline were to be found in China, generating 71 per cent of the global annual carbon credits expected from this project category. Given that the Chinese government has been promoting such hydropower development for many years, there are grounds for being suspicious that these projects were happening anyway, and that the government had simply applied for additional funding through the carbon market. The pressure group International Rivers conducted a study that showed that the rate of construction of new hydropower projects in China has been constant for some time. The fact that there has been no significant increase since such carbon financing became available strongly suggests that these projects are simply generating hot air.
Commentators are starting to draw attention to the parallels between the recent sub-prime mortgage credit crunch and the carbon market. In both financial spheres, there is enormous pressure to push through large numbers of transactions regardless of the quality of the deals being done. The UN body administering the CDM has admitted that there is “a clear and perceived risk of collusion” between the project developers and the private, third-party auditors, who are supposed to be verifying the quality of the credits. If in five or 10 years’ time, it becomes even more widely apparent that the majority of CDM credits that have been profitably generated and sold were based on dubious methodologies or even outright deceit, then the impact could be even more catastrophic than the recent financial instabilities caused by the credit crunch. And unlike the global credit crisis, no injection of capital will be able to turn the clock back on an ever-decreasing window of opportunity to meaningfully address the climate crisis.
In Asia, the biggest involvement in the carbon market has been through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This is a regulated market under the Kyoto Protocol by which countries and companies in the developed world can meet their emissions reduction targets by buying carbon credits that have been generated through projects that bring about reduced or avoided emissions in developing countries. In 2007 this market was worth US$17.5 billion, an enormous 200 per cent increase in market value since 2006. Asia has so far been the global leader in generating CDM credits – in 2007, China alone provided an enormous 62 per cent of the credits on the market, while Indonesia was responsible for 10 per cent and India 5 per cent.
Increasing numbers of critics are challenging the rosy win-win portrait of the CDM market that has been painted. Some commentators in the countries in which the projects are being undertaken, have seen it as creating a new colonial commodity in which the ability to make cheaper reductions in the developing world is being treated as a new resource to be extracted and profitably used for the benefit of Western countries.
Aside from this more politicised perspective of the market, the CDM appears to be failing by the standards it has set itself, with many people asking what happened to the “D” in CDM? The market has been draped in benevolent rhetoric of sustainable development, so that projects are only supposed to qualify for carbon financing if they have some sort of development benefits. In practice, host governments need only rubber stamp their approval to this condition, and genuine developmental benefits on the ground have proven to be elusive to the point of non-existence. An article in the September 2007 academic journal, Climatic Change, stated that, “Close to 200 studies on the CDM have been carried out since its birth in 1997… The main finding... is that, left to market forces, the CDM does not significantly contribute to sustainable development.”
Critics of the CDM have pointed out that, not only do the projects not contribute to development, but, in many cases, the recipients of the money are large, polluting industries that are responsible for all kinds of adverse environmental impacts to the communities who have to endure them. Many thousands of residents of the state of Chhattisgarh, have mobilised against the expansion of Jindal Steel and Power Limited’s notoriously polluting sponge-iron factories. Yet the biggest of these factories in the world, which is currently threatening to wipe out three neighbouring villages in a proposed expansion, is currently earning enormous amounts of money and some degree of environmental credibility for having four separate CDM projects on the go.
CDM money is also being used to support the palm oil biofuel industry in Indonesia, which has recently been the subject of a great deal of global concern over its social and environmental impact. In Indonesia, PT Murini Samsam, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Wilmar Group, received US$8 million in DM funding to expand its crude palm oil refinery.
Leaving aside the issues of sustainable development and the impact on communities, the question that needs to be asked is if the CDM is genuinely providing climatic benefits. One of the thorniest problems with this is “additionality.” The carbon financing through the CDM is supposed to provide emissions reductions above and beyond what would have happened if the money hadn’t been available – i.e in addition to business as usual. If this is not the case and a project that was going to happen anyway is used to justify emissions elsewhere, it can result in a net increase in atmospheric carbon.
Despite the regulatory procedure that is supposed stringently to guarantee that emissions reductions under the CDM are all additional, the market seems to be riddled with examples to the contrary. An adviser to the executive board of the CDM in 2006 conducted an investigation into CDM projects in India and concluded that one third of them were non-additional.
China is home to the lion’s share of hydro-electricity projects registered under the CDM – at the end of 2007, 402 of the 654 hydropower projects in the CDM pipeline were to be found in China, generating 71 per cent of the global annual carbon credits expected from this project category. Given that the Chinese government has been promoting such hydropower development for many years, there are grounds for being suspicious that these projects were happening anyway, and that the government had simply applied for additional funding through the carbon market. The pressure group International Rivers conducted a study that showed that the rate of construction of new hydropower projects in China has been constant for some time. The fact that there has been no significant increase since such carbon financing became available strongly suggests that these projects are simply generating hot air.
Commentators are starting to draw attention to the parallels between the recent sub-prime mortgage credit crunch and the carbon market. In both financial spheres, there is enormous pressure to push through large numbers of transactions regardless of the quality of the deals being done. The UN body administering the CDM has admitted that there is “a clear and perceived risk of collusion” between the project developers and the private, third-party auditors, who are supposed to be verifying the quality of the credits. If in five or 10 years’ time, it becomes even more widely apparent that the majority of CDM credits that have been profitably generated and sold were based on dubious methodologies or even outright deceit, then the impact could be even more catastrophic than the recent financial instabilities caused by the credit crunch. And unlike the global credit crisis, no injection of capital will be able to turn the clock back on an ever-decreasing window of opportunity to meaningfully address the climate crisis.
Monday, 30 July 2007
IR BURGLAR DETERRENT
A burglar alarm or deterrent takes care of the internal security of the house. The burglar alarms, also known as security alarms (Home security systems) are deliberately contrived to guard the house against break-ins. Today we can discern different kinds of alarms with different working principles.
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Fundamentally every alarm system has triggers. The triggers are set off whenever an intruder tries to enter the premises. Now, there are basically two major types of burglar alarms. One that sets of when some body breaks the electrical circuit, and the other, which gets tripped when it senses motion.
Electric Circuit – These are the most simple alarm systems that use electrical circuits. Generally, we can employ them to protect the borders of the house, that is the probably the entry points to the house that the burglar might use. These security systems are further divided into two types:-
a) Closed-circuit systems – In this system as long as the door is closed the electric circuit remains closed and whenever somebody opens the door, the circuit becomes discontinuous, and the alarm is set off.
b) Open-circuit systems – In an open circuit what happens is when somebody opens the door the open-circuit is completed and electricity starts flowing so the alarm is prompted.
Motion Detectors – These are the other type of security systems. They can detect burglars who have already entered the house. Their principle of working is to send out radio energy and observing the reflection pattern. Now when someone walking into the room obstructs the reflection pattern, the alarm gets active and sends a signal to the control box. Something warm moving across a cold room or something cold moving across a warm room will set off the motion detector.
For a full proof security system to protect the house, we can use the combination of the motion detectors and open or closed circuit alarms. The control unit of the system is connected with the sensors through either narrowband RF signal or low-voltage hardwire and these in turn are joined to a means, which announces the alarm, to extract response. The opening of a door or movement of a body sensed through passive infrared (PIR) is detected by these security sensors.
.
Fundamentally every alarm system has triggers. The triggers are set off whenever an intruder tries to enter the premises. Now, there are basically two major types of burglar alarms. One that sets of when some body breaks the electrical circuit, and the other, which gets tripped when it senses motion.
Electric Circuit – These are the most simple alarm systems that use electrical circuits. Generally, we can employ them to protect the borders of the house, that is the probably the entry points to the house that the burglar might use. These security systems are further divided into two types:-
a) Closed-circuit systems – In this system as long as the door is closed the electric circuit remains closed and whenever somebody opens the door, the circuit becomes discontinuous, and the alarm is set off.
b) Open-circuit systems – In an open circuit what happens is when somebody opens the door the open-circuit is completed and electricity starts flowing so the alarm is prompted.
Motion Detectors – These are the other type of security systems. They can detect burglars who have already entered the house. Their principle of working is to send out radio energy and observing the reflection pattern. Now when someone walking into the room obstructs the reflection pattern, the alarm gets active and sends a signal to the control box. Something warm moving across a cold room or something cold moving across a warm room will set off the motion detector.
For a full proof security system to protect the house, we can use the combination of the motion detectors and open or closed circuit alarms. The control unit of the system is connected with the sensors through either narrowband RF signal or low-voltage hardwire and these in turn are joined to a means, which announces the alarm, to extract response. The opening of a door or movement of a body sensed through passive infrared (PIR) is detected by these security sensors.
Monday, 30 April 2007
tech vs politics in India
itz just annoying . Where is our country headig? All we could see frm kashmir to kanyakumari iz politics the bloody 1. Politics could make villians and puppets only not a single leader or innovator! Is INDIA thursty 4 a revolution , yes a purposeful military revolution?
Itz time to realize our srenghts. And infections, yes the the killer virusses(politicians). Itz pure logic that Indian army need only hours to eliminate the bloody paks frm POK and to erase the bloody LOC. All is just 4 political cause.............the bloody drama of roung table conferences!!! ashame !! comeon INDIA itz time to realise ur innate power . u hav to make up ur mind 4 another revolution but not a bloody 1.
a dream............of youth.......the genuine 1ce..................who wanna pride and not money!!!!
Itz time to realize our srenghts. And infections, yes the the killer virusses(politicians). Itz pure logic that Indian army need only hours to eliminate the bloody paks frm POK and to erase the bloody LOC. All is just 4 political cause.............the bloody drama of roung table conferences!!! ashame !! comeon INDIA itz time to realise ur innate power . u hav to make up ur mind 4 another revolution but not a bloody 1.
a dream............of youth.......the genuine 1ce..................who wanna pride and not money!!!!
high temperature superconductors
HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR (HTS) CABLES AND
POWER INFRASTUCTURE REVOLUTION DREAMS IN INDIA
An ageing and inadequate power grid is now widely seen as among the greatest obstacles to efforts to restructure power markets in the India. In light of new and intensifying pressures on the nation’s power infrastructure, industry and policy leaders are looking to new technology solutions to increase the capacity and flexibility of the grid without further raising system voltages. High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) cable is regarded as one of the most promising new technologies to address these issues. Among HTS cable designs, one in particular – shielded cold dielectric cable – offers performance advantages particularly well suited to today’s siting, reliability and performance challenges.
Shielded cold dielectric HTS transmission cables feature very close spacing between the conductor and shield layers of wire in a coaxial cable. This close spacing results in several advantages: lower electrical losses; the virtual elimination of stray EMF; and significantly lower impedance than conventional cables and lines. Triaxial cables suited for distribution-voltage, high-current applications exhibit similar benefits. Of particular importance, the very low impedance (VLI) inherent in cables of coaxial or triaxial design makes it possible to control power flows over VLI circuits. These circuits inherently attract power flows, offloading adjacent, higher-impedance conventional circuits. Thus, for example, VLI superconductor cable (“VLI cable”) offers a means of “pulling” power away from heavily-loaded lines onto high-capacity pathways that flow directly into congested urban centers. This approach offers compelling advantages compared to the traditional strategy of “pushing” power into load centers using multiple, large overhead circuits with higher impedance ratings. In addition, variable impedance may be cost-effectively added to VLI circuits with relatively small, conventional phase angle regulators. Thus, VLI circuits can function like fully controllable DC circuits, but without the expense and complexity associated with AC-DC terminal stations.
The introduction of VLI cable enables new approaches to important challenges in grid
management. The strategic insertion of relatively short segments of VLI cable to bridge
bottlenecks can offload flows from overburdened conventional circuits, thereby expanding grid capacity, extending the useful life of conventional network elements, and raising overall asset utilization. Important economic, environmental and policy benefits include the following:
• VLI cable users will pay less to solve power flow problems with shorter lengths of cable, at lower voltage ratings, and with greater controllability. Siting options for new
generators will be expanded, and grid bottlenecks will be eased, improving overall power
system efficiency and lowering total system costs.
• Adoption of VLI cable will lead to enhanced system fuel efficiency and reduced air emissions, the elimination of stray EMF, and a much smaller physical footprint for grid
expansion projects, because VLI cable can be routed underground within a variety of
existing rights-of-way.
• Unobtrusive VLI cable offers a new way to achieve several important objectives. It can help to break the logjam over transmission siting; improve overall power system reliability; enhance power market competitiveness; attract merchant transmission investment; and advance environmental objectives.
Initial VLI superconductor cable projects now underway provide an opportunity to develop a reliability record and resolve system integration and other implementation issues. However, to speed the commercialization cycle for VLI cable, it is urgent to expand the range of demonstration projects and identify early commercial opportunities. With power markets in turmoil and transmission increasingly the center of attention, VLI cable is a breakthrough technology with great potential to solve many of the industry’s most pressing problems.
POWER INFRASTUCTURE REVOLUTION DREAMS IN INDIA
An ageing and inadequate power grid is now widely seen as among the greatest obstacles to efforts to restructure power markets in the India. In light of new and intensifying pressures on the nation’s power infrastructure, industry and policy leaders are looking to new technology solutions to increase the capacity and flexibility of the grid without further raising system voltages. High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) cable is regarded as one of the most promising new technologies to address these issues. Among HTS cable designs, one in particular – shielded cold dielectric cable – offers performance advantages particularly well suited to today’s siting, reliability and performance challenges.
Shielded cold dielectric HTS transmission cables feature very close spacing between the conductor and shield layers of wire in a coaxial cable. This close spacing results in several advantages: lower electrical losses; the virtual elimination of stray EMF; and significantly lower impedance than conventional cables and lines. Triaxial cables suited for distribution-voltage, high-current applications exhibit similar benefits. Of particular importance, the very low impedance (VLI) inherent in cables of coaxial or triaxial design makes it possible to control power flows over VLI circuits. These circuits inherently attract power flows, offloading adjacent, higher-impedance conventional circuits. Thus, for example, VLI superconductor cable (“VLI cable”) offers a means of “pulling” power away from heavily-loaded lines onto high-capacity pathways that flow directly into congested urban centers. This approach offers compelling advantages compared to the traditional strategy of “pushing” power into load centers using multiple, large overhead circuits with higher impedance ratings. In addition, variable impedance may be cost-effectively added to VLI circuits with relatively small, conventional phase angle regulators. Thus, VLI circuits can function like fully controllable DC circuits, but without the expense and complexity associated with AC-DC terminal stations.
The introduction of VLI cable enables new approaches to important challenges in grid
management. The strategic insertion of relatively short segments of VLI cable to bridge
bottlenecks can offload flows from overburdened conventional circuits, thereby expanding grid capacity, extending the useful life of conventional network elements, and raising overall asset utilization. Important economic, environmental and policy benefits include the following:
• VLI cable users will pay less to solve power flow problems with shorter lengths of cable, at lower voltage ratings, and with greater controllability. Siting options for new
generators will be expanded, and grid bottlenecks will be eased, improving overall power
system efficiency and lowering total system costs.
• Adoption of VLI cable will lead to enhanced system fuel efficiency and reduced air emissions, the elimination of stray EMF, and a much smaller physical footprint for grid
expansion projects, because VLI cable can be routed underground within a variety of
existing rights-of-way.
• Unobtrusive VLI cable offers a new way to achieve several important objectives. It can help to break the logjam over transmission siting; improve overall power system reliability; enhance power market competitiveness; attract merchant transmission investment; and advance environmental objectives.
Initial VLI superconductor cable projects now underway provide an opportunity to develop a reliability record and resolve system integration and other implementation issues. However, to speed the commercialization cycle for VLI cable, it is urgent to expand the range of demonstration projects and identify early commercial opportunities. With power markets in turmoil and transmission increasingly the center of attention, VLI cable is a breakthrough technology with great potential to solve many of the industry’s most pressing problems.
carbon credit
Carbon credits are a tradable permit scheme. They provide a way to reduce green house gas emissions by giving them a monetary value. A credit gives the owner the right to emit one ton of carbon credit. International treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol set quotas on the amount of greenhouse gases countries can produce. Countries, in turn, set quotas on the emissions of businesses. Businesses that are over their quotas must buy carbon credits for their excess emissions, while businesses that are below their quotas can sell their remaining credits. By allowing credits to be bought and sold, a business for which reducing its emissions would be expensive or prohibitive can pay another business to make the reduction for it. This minimizes the quota's impact on the business, while still reaching the quota. Credits can be exchanged between businesses or bought and sold in international markets at the prevailing market price. There are currently two exchanges for carbon credits: the Chicago Climate Exchange and the European Climate Exchange.
The GHG data table as per United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC):-
CO2 - Carbon dioxideCH4 - MethaneN2O - Nitrous oxidePFCs - Perfluorocarbons HFCs - Hydrofluorocarbons SF6 - Sulphur hexafluoride
The Global Warming Potentials (GWP) used for presentation of CH4 and N2O in terms of CO2 equivalent are 21 and 310, respectively. That is if we reduce 1 ton emission of methane it is equivalent to reducing 21 tons of CO2 as such.
So now we are concerned of making people aware of the necessity to bring down the GHG much below 1990 base line. To execute this mission world wide , this new “CURRENCY”, Carbon Credit and to spread awareness of such a subsidy for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
This project is on a CDM, a waste treatment plant. The project’s target is to consider a small waste dumped area ( Municipality waste dumps) and to calculate the total amount of METHANE evolved from it in a year. The waste is then classified, those recyclable are recycled and the rest is subjected to disposing methods like thermolysis. By this method we can avoid emission of methane but only CO2 is emitted. Thus we saved 20 tons of carbon dioxide from global warming. Thus the net reduction in emission of methane and thus equivalent amount of carbon dioxide can be tabulated. This can be published through any of the two climate exchanges and a funding of $10 per ton of CO2
Reduction may be claimed for the project. Thus this project is a mission to spread awareness among people the necessity to reduce Green House Gasses(GHG) and this is eased Carbon Credits nullifies financial burdens on such CDMs.
The GHG data table as per United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC):-
CO2 - Carbon dioxideCH4 - MethaneN2O - Nitrous oxidePFCs - Perfluorocarbons HFCs - Hydrofluorocarbons SF6 - Sulphur hexafluoride
The Global Warming Potentials (GWP) used for presentation of CH4 and N2O in terms of CO2 equivalent are 21 and 310, respectively. That is if we reduce 1 ton emission of methane it is equivalent to reducing 21 tons of CO2 as such.
So now we are concerned of making people aware of the necessity to bring down the GHG much below 1990 base line. To execute this mission world wide , this new “CURRENCY”, Carbon Credit and to spread awareness of such a subsidy for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
This project is on a CDM, a waste treatment plant. The project’s target is to consider a small waste dumped area ( Municipality waste dumps) and to calculate the total amount of METHANE evolved from it in a year. The waste is then classified, those recyclable are recycled and the rest is subjected to disposing methods like thermolysis. By this method we can avoid emission of methane but only CO2 is emitted. Thus we saved 20 tons of carbon dioxide from global warming. Thus the net reduction in emission of methane and thus equivalent amount of carbon dioxide can be tabulated. This can be published through any of the two climate exchanges and a funding of $10 per ton of CO2
Reduction may be claimed for the project. Thus this project is a mission to spread awareness among people the necessity to reduce Green House Gasses(GHG) and this is eased Carbon Credits nullifies financial burdens on such CDMs.
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