itz just annoying . Where is our country headig? All we could see frm kashmir to kanyakumari iz politics the bloody 1. Politics could make villians and puppets only not a single leader or innovator! Is INDIA thursty 4 a revolution , yes a purposeful military revolution?
Itz time to realize our srenghts. And infections, yes the the killer virusses(politicians). Itz pure logic that Indian army need only hours to eliminate the bloody paks frm POK and to erase the bloody LOC. All is just 4 political cause.............the bloody drama of roung table conferences!!! ashame !! comeon INDIA itz time to realise ur innate power . u hav to make up ur mind 4 another revolution but not a bloody 1.
a dream............of youth.......the genuine 1ce..................who wanna pride and not money!!!!
Monday, 30 April 2007
high temperature superconductors
HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR (HTS) CABLES AND
POWER INFRASTUCTURE REVOLUTION DREAMS IN INDIA
An ageing and inadequate power grid is now widely seen as among the greatest obstacles to efforts to restructure power markets in the India. In light of new and intensifying pressures on the nation’s power infrastructure, industry and policy leaders are looking to new technology solutions to increase the capacity and flexibility of the grid without further raising system voltages. High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) cable is regarded as one of the most promising new technologies to address these issues. Among HTS cable designs, one in particular – shielded cold dielectric cable – offers performance advantages particularly well suited to today’s siting, reliability and performance challenges.
Shielded cold dielectric HTS transmission cables feature very close spacing between the conductor and shield layers of wire in a coaxial cable. This close spacing results in several advantages: lower electrical losses; the virtual elimination of stray EMF; and significantly lower impedance than conventional cables and lines. Triaxial cables suited for distribution-voltage, high-current applications exhibit similar benefits. Of particular importance, the very low impedance (VLI) inherent in cables of coaxial or triaxial design makes it possible to control power flows over VLI circuits. These circuits inherently attract power flows, offloading adjacent, higher-impedance conventional circuits. Thus, for example, VLI superconductor cable (“VLI cable”) offers a means of “pulling” power away from heavily-loaded lines onto high-capacity pathways that flow directly into congested urban centers. This approach offers compelling advantages compared to the traditional strategy of “pushing” power into load centers using multiple, large overhead circuits with higher impedance ratings. In addition, variable impedance may be cost-effectively added to VLI circuits with relatively small, conventional phase angle regulators. Thus, VLI circuits can function like fully controllable DC circuits, but without the expense and complexity associated with AC-DC terminal stations.
The introduction of VLI cable enables new approaches to important challenges in grid
management. The strategic insertion of relatively short segments of VLI cable to bridge
bottlenecks can offload flows from overburdened conventional circuits, thereby expanding grid capacity, extending the useful life of conventional network elements, and raising overall asset utilization. Important economic, environmental and policy benefits include the following:
• VLI cable users will pay less to solve power flow problems with shorter lengths of cable, at lower voltage ratings, and with greater controllability. Siting options for new
generators will be expanded, and grid bottlenecks will be eased, improving overall power
system efficiency and lowering total system costs.
• Adoption of VLI cable will lead to enhanced system fuel efficiency and reduced air emissions, the elimination of stray EMF, and a much smaller physical footprint for grid
expansion projects, because VLI cable can be routed underground within a variety of
existing rights-of-way.
• Unobtrusive VLI cable offers a new way to achieve several important objectives. It can help to break the logjam over transmission siting; improve overall power system reliability; enhance power market competitiveness; attract merchant transmission investment; and advance environmental objectives.
Initial VLI superconductor cable projects now underway provide an opportunity to develop a reliability record and resolve system integration and other implementation issues. However, to speed the commercialization cycle for VLI cable, it is urgent to expand the range of demonstration projects and identify early commercial opportunities. With power markets in turmoil and transmission increasingly the center of attention, VLI cable is a breakthrough technology with great potential to solve many of the industry’s most pressing problems.
POWER INFRASTUCTURE REVOLUTION DREAMS IN INDIA
An ageing and inadequate power grid is now widely seen as among the greatest obstacles to efforts to restructure power markets in the India. In light of new and intensifying pressures on the nation’s power infrastructure, industry and policy leaders are looking to new technology solutions to increase the capacity and flexibility of the grid without further raising system voltages. High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) cable is regarded as one of the most promising new technologies to address these issues. Among HTS cable designs, one in particular – shielded cold dielectric cable – offers performance advantages particularly well suited to today’s siting, reliability and performance challenges.
Shielded cold dielectric HTS transmission cables feature very close spacing between the conductor and shield layers of wire in a coaxial cable. This close spacing results in several advantages: lower electrical losses; the virtual elimination of stray EMF; and significantly lower impedance than conventional cables and lines. Triaxial cables suited for distribution-voltage, high-current applications exhibit similar benefits. Of particular importance, the very low impedance (VLI) inherent in cables of coaxial or triaxial design makes it possible to control power flows over VLI circuits. These circuits inherently attract power flows, offloading adjacent, higher-impedance conventional circuits. Thus, for example, VLI superconductor cable (“VLI cable”) offers a means of “pulling” power away from heavily-loaded lines onto high-capacity pathways that flow directly into congested urban centers. This approach offers compelling advantages compared to the traditional strategy of “pushing” power into load centers using multiple, large overhead circuits with higher impedance ratings. In addition, variable impedance may be cost-effectively added to VLI circuits with relatively small, conventional phase angle regulators. Thus, VLI circuits can function like fully controllable DC circuits, but without the expense and complexity associated with AC-DC terminal stations.
The introduction of VLI cable enables new approaches to important challenges in grid
management. The strategic insertion of relatively short segments of VLI cable to bridge
bottlenecks can offload flows from overburdened conventional circuits, thereby expanding grid capacity, extending the useful life of conventional network elements, and raising overall asset utilization. Important economic, environmental and policy benefits include the following:
• VLI cable users will pay less to solve power flow problems with shorter lengths of cable, at lower voltage ratings, and with greater controllability. Siting options for new
generators will be expanded, and grid bottlenecks will be eased, improving overall power
system efficiency and lowering total system costs.
• Adoption of VLI cable will lead to enhanced system fuel efficiency and reduced air emissions, the elimination of stray EMF, and a much smaller physical footprint for grid
expansion projects, because VLI cable can be routed underground within a variety of
existing rights-of-way.
• Unobtrusive VLI cable offers a new way to achieve several important objectives. It can help to break the logjam over transmission siting; improve overall power system reliability; enhance power market competitiveness; attract merchant transmission investment; and advance environmental objectives.
Initial VLI superconductor cable projects now underway provide an opportunity to develop a reliability record and resolve system integration and other implementation issues. However, to speed the commercialization cycle for VLI cable, it is urgent to expand the range of demonstration projects and identify early commercial opportunities. With power markets in turmoil and transmission increasingly the center of attention, VLI cable is a breakthrough technology with great potential to solve many of the industry’s most pressing problems.
carbon credit
Carbon credits are a tradable permit scheme. They provide a way to reduce green house gas emissions by giving them a monetary value. A credit gives the owner the right to emit one ton of carbon credit. International treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol set quotas on the amount of greenhouse gases countries can produce. Countries, in turn, set quotas on the emissions of businesses. Businesses that are over their quotas must buy carbon credits for their excess emissions, while businesses that are below their quotas can sell their remaining credits. By allowing credits to be bought and sold, a business for which reducing its emissions would be expensive or prohibitive can pay another business to make the reduction for it. This minimizes the quota's impact on the business, while still reaching the quota. Credits can be exchanged between businesses or bought and sold in international markets at the prevailing market price. There are currently two exchanges for carbon credits: the Chicago Climate Exchange and the European Climate Exchange.
The GHG data table as per United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC):-
CO2 - Carbon dioxideCH4 - MethaneN2O - Nitrous oxidePFCs - Perfluorocarbons HFCs - Hydrofluorocarbons SF6 - Sulphur hexafluoride
The Global Warming Potentials (GWP) used for presentation of CH4 and N2O in terms of CO2 equivalent are 21 and 310, respectively. That is if we reduce 1 ton emission of methane it is equivalent to reducing 21 tons of CO2 as such.
So now we are concerned of making people aware of the necessity to bring down the GHG much below 1990 base line. To execute this mission world wide , this new “CURRENCY”, Carbon Credit and to spread awareness of such a subsidy for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
This project is on a CDM, a waste treatment plant. The project’s target is to consider a small waste dumped area ( Municipality waste dumps) and to calculate the total amount of METHANE evolved from it in a year. The waste is then classified, those recyclable are recycled and the rest is subjected to disposing methods like thermolysis. By this method we can avoid emission of methane but only CO2 is emitted. Thus we saved 20 tons of carbon dioxide from global warming. Thus the net reduction in emission of methane and thus equivalent amount of carbon dioxide can be tabulated. This can be published through any of the two climate exchanges and a funding of $10 per ton of CO2
Reduction may be claimed for the project. Thus this project is a mission to spread awareness among people the necessity to reduce Green House Gasses(GHG) and this is eased Carbon Credits nullifies financial burdens on such CDMs.
The GHG data table as per United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC):-
CO2 - Carbon dioxideCH4 - MethaneN2O - Nitrous oxidePFCs - Perfluorocarbons HFCs - Hydrofluorocarbons SF6 - Sulphur hexafluoride
The Global Warming Potentials (GWP) used for presentation of CH4 and N2O in terms of CO2 equivalent are 21 and 310, respectively. That is if we reduce 1 ton emission of methane it is equivalent to reducing 21 tons of CO2 as such.
So now we are concerned of making people aware of the necessity to bring down the GHG much below 1990 base line. To execute this mission world wide , this new “CURRENCY”, Carbon Credit and to spread awareness of such a subsidy for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
This project is on a CDM, a waste treatment plant. The project’s target is to consider a small waste dumped area ( Municipality waste dumps) and to calculate the total amount of METHANE evolved from it in a year. The waste is then classified, those recyclable are recycled and the rest is subjected to disposing methods like thermolysis. By this method we can avoid emission of methane but only CO2 is emitted. Thus we saved 20 tons of carbon dioxide from global warming. Thus the net reduction in emission of methane and thus equivalent amount of carbon dioxide can be tabulated. This can be published through any of the two climate exchanges and a funding of $10 per ton of CO2
Reduction may be claimed for the project. Thus this project is a mission to spread awareness among people the necessity to reduce Green House Gasses(GHG) and this is eased Carbon Credits nullifies financial burdens on such CDMs.
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